November 6, 2018

The 4 Types of Mesothelioma

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Cancer
Mesothelioma

Unveiling the Diverse Landscape: Understanding the 4 Types of Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a relatively rare form of cancer that develops in the lining tissues of major organs. There are four primary types of mesothelioma: pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, and testicular. Each of these types is determined by where in the body the cancer first develops. Understanding these different forms of mesothelioma is crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and improving the quality of life for patients.

While mesothelioma may be classified by its location, all its types share the same root cause: asbestos exposure. Asbestos is a small, flame-resistant mineral fiber that was commonly used in building materials and other products. These fibers can become lodged in lung tissue when inhaled, causing scars and inflammation, and over time, leading to the development of cancer. Genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors can also contribute to the likelihood of developing mesothelioma after asbestos exposure.

The Two Categories of Mesothelioma Tumors

Mesothelioma tumors can be categorized into malignant and benign types. Malignant mesothelioma consists of highly cancerous tumors and is the most common diagnosis. Malignant mesothelioma spreads rapidly and often comes with limited treatment options and a shortened lifespan. Benign mesothelioma tumors, on the other hand, are non-cancerous and usually slow-growing and non-invasive. Although benign tumors are less aggressive, they should still be treated seriously and removed surgically, as they can sometimes become malignant over time.

Early Detection and Treatment

While there is no cure for any type of mesothelioma, the disease can be managed, and life expectancy can be extended if detected early and treated properly. The prognosis ultimately depends on the individual case. Staying fully informed and seeking prompt medical attention if you suspect asbestos exposure is critical for improving your outlook.

Pleural Mesothelioma

One of the four types of mesothelioma is pleural mesothelioma, which is a cancer of the lungs, specifically the pleura, or the lining of the chest cavity and lungs. This cancer is particularly aggressive and accounts for the majority of all mesothelioma cases diagnosed. With 2,500 to 3,000 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year, pleural mesothelioma makes up approximately 75-80% of all diagnosed cases. The prolonged inhalation of asbestos contributes to the vast majority of these cases developing.

When the pleura is affected by this cancer, it becomes thickened, preventing the chest cavity and lungs from fully expanding and contracting. This results in a buildup of fluids in the chest over time. When pleural mesothelioma is detected, it usually occurs during a chest X-ray, which shows the fluid buildup in the chest cavity. Patients may present with chest pain, a dry cough, and shortness of breath. Since these symptoms are also shared by many other conditions, it is imperative to discuss any history of asbestos exposure with your physician and receive a thorough examination.

Pericardial Mesothelioma

Pericardial mesothelioma is a cancer that affects the pericardium, or the tissues that line the heart. This type of mesothelioma is exceedingly rare, representing only 1% of all mesothelioma cases. Due to its rarity, doctors are still researching it to determine the cause. It may or may not be related to asbestos exposure, but the symptoms can be similar to those of pleural mesothelioma.

Common symptoms include chest pain, irregular heartbeat, and shortness of breath. Due to its rarity, pericardial mesothelioma has a poor prognosis. Patients typically survive an average of 6-12 months, and care is primarily aimed at reducing discomfort and symptoms.

Peritoneal Mesothelioma

Peritoneal mesothelioma develops in the peritoneum, the thin lining of the abdominal cavity and its internal organs. This type of mesothelioma is the second most common, accounting for 15-20% of all mesothelioma cases. This cancer can occur when asbestos that is inhaled makes its way down to the abdominal area over time via the lymphatic system. It may also occur when asbestos is ingested; the fibers are so tiny it may be possible to ingest them without knowing it.

Early symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma include unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, high fevers, or seizures. Peritoneal mesothelioma has a more positive prognosis than other types, with a longer life expectancy possible when detected early and treated with surgery in conjunction with other complementary treatments.

Testicular Mesothelioma

Testicular mesothelioma is a cancer that develops in the lining surrounding the testicles, occurring in men between the ages of 55-75. This is by far the rarest of all four types of mesothelioma, accounting for less than 1% of all cases. Testicular mesothelioma has only been reported in about one hundred cases, making it difficult to determine a full range of symptoms.

Patients may present with a painless mass on the scrotum or possible swelling or pain of the testicles caused by fluid buildup. Typically, it will develop in one testicle before spreading to another. If caught early and removed, the prognosis for this type of mesothelioma is more favorable than other types, despite the relative lack of a standard treatment. However, testicular mesothelioma comes with a high recurrence rate; around 93% of patients experienced a recurrence of the cancer five years after their first diagnosis.

Understanding Mesothelioma Cell Types

Mesothelioma can be further classified based on the cell types that make up the tumors. The three primary cell types are epithelioid, sarcomatoid, and biphasic.

  • Epithelioid Cells: These are the most common and tend to respond better to treatment, leading to a better prognosis. Epithelioid cells are uniform in shape and stick closely together, making them easier to target with treatments.
  • Sarcomatoid Cells: These cells are more aggressive and less responsive to treatment. They are spindle-shaped and spread more quickly, resulting in a poorer prognosis.
  • Biphasic Cells: These tumors contain both epithelioid and sarcomatoid cells. The prognosis and treatment response depend on the ratio of these cell types within the tumor.

Understanding the cell type is crucial for developing an effective treatment plan and determining the prognosis.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma diagnosis involves several steps, including imaging tests, blood tests, and biopsies. Once diagnosed, the treatment plan is tailored to the patient’s specific needs, considering factors such as the type of mesothelioma, cell type, and stage of the disease.

Common Treatment Options

  • Surgery: Surgical options like Extrapleural Pneumonectomy (EPP) and Cytoreductive Surgery can help remove tumors and improve quality of life.
  • Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells. Common chemotherapy drugs include cisplatin and pemetrexed.
  • Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams are used to target and destroy cancer cells.
  • Immunotherapy: This treatment helps boost the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
  • Palliative Care: Focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life, rather than curing the disease.

Emerging Treatments

  • Heated Chemotherapy: Also known as Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC), this treatment involves heating chemotherapy drugs and administering them directly into the abdominal cavity after surgery.
  • Gene Therapy: This involves modifying genes to treat or prevent disease.
  • Clinical Trials: Participation in clinical trials provides access to new, experimental treatments.

The Role of Legal Action in Mesothelioma Cases

Asbestos exposure is the primary cause of mesothelioma. Many patients and their families pursue legal action to seek compensation for medical expenses, lost wages, and other damages. Mesothelioma lawsuits can help hold asbestos companies accountable and provide financial relief for affected families.

Key Considerations in Mesothelioma Lawsuits

  • Asbestos Trust Funds: Established by bankrupt asbestos companies, these funds provide compensation to victims of asbestos-related diseases.
  • Veterans Affairs (VA) Benefits: Veterans exposed to asbestos during their service may qualify for medical and financial benefits.
  • Legal Representation: Experienced mesothelioma lawyers can help navigate the complex legal process and maximize compensation.

Conclusion

Mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer primarily caused by asbestos exposure. The four main types—pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, and testicular—differ in their location and symptoms but share similar causes and challenges. Understanding the different types, cell classifications, and treatment options is crucial for managing the disease and improving the quality of life for patients.

If you suspect asbestos exposure or experience symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or abdominal pain, seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a significant difference in the prognosis and management of mesothelioma. Additionally, exploring legal options with the help of experienced mesothelioma lawyers can provide financial support and hold responsible parties accountable.

At Serling & Abramson, P.C., we are committed to providing comprehensive support and guidance to mesothelioma patients and their families. Contact us today for a free case evaluation and let us assist you in securing the compensation you deserve.