July 1, 2023

National Sarcoma & Bone Cancer Awareness Month

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Raising Awareness: Understanding Sarcoma & Bone Cancer

July is recognized as National Sarcoma & Bone Cancer Awareness Month, a time dedicated to bringing attention to a group of cancers that often go unnoticed. Sarcoma is sometimes referred to as the “forgotten cancer” because of its rarity and the challenges it presents in diagnosis and treatment. Yet, for those affected, the impact is profound.

What is Sarcoma?

Sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that can develop in various tissues of the body. This includes soft tissues such as nerves, muscles, and blood vessels, as well as bones, joints, and fat. Sarcoma is a complex disease, made up of many subtypes, each defined by the specific tissues where the cancer begins. Because sarcomas can arise in so many different parts of the body, they are often difficult to diagnose and treat, making awareness and research crucial.

Understanding Bone Cancer

Bone cancer, also known as bone sarcoma, refers to any cancer that originates in the bones. Because our bodies are composed of numerous bones, bone cancer can develop in any part of the body. Bone sarcomas are divided into primary and secondary types. Primary bone cancers start in the bone itself, while secondary bone cancers, also known as metastatic bone cancers, spread to the bone from another part of the body.

Statistics and Diagnosis

In 2022, more than 13,000 cases of sarcoma and 3,900 cases of bone cancer were diagnosed in the United States. However, these numbers are likely underestimated because sarcomas are often difficult to distinguish from other cancers, particularly when they are found within organs. Most people with peritoneal mesothelioma, a type of cancer that forms in the lining of the abdominal cavity, are diagnosed in their 50s. This statistic underscores the importance of early detection and awareness.

Risk Factors and Causes

The exact cause of sarcoma and bone cancer remains unknown. However, several risk factors have been identified, including exposure to certain chemicals and radiation therapy. For example, individuals exposed to toxic water at Camp Lejeune have been diagnosed with multiple myeloma, a type of bone marrow cancer. Additionally, genetic syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1 can increase the risk of developing sarcomas and bone cancers.

Types of Sarcoma and Bone Cancer

Sarcomas and bone cancers are diverse, with many subtypes that differ based on the tissues where they originate. Here are some common types:

  1. Osteosarcoma: This is the most common type of bone cancer, typically occurring in the leg bones or arm bones. It often affects children and young adults and is characterized by pain, swelling, and sometimes a broken bone.
  2. Chondrosarcoma: A cancer that begins in the cartilage, which is the connective tissue that cushions bones. This type is more common in adults and often affects the pelvis, legs, or arms.
  3. Ewing Sarcoma: Another type of bone cancer that most often affects children and young adults. It can also begin in soft tissues like the chest wall or the pelvis.
  4. Fibrosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma: These are types of soft tissue sarcomas that typically affect the fibrous tissues of the body. They can occur in the limbs, especially in the legs.
  5. Giant Cell Tumors: Although generally benign, these tumors can become aggressive and are often found in the bones of the arms or legs.
  6. Liposarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that develops in fat cells, often in the thighs or abdomen.
  7. Leiomyosarcoma: A rare cancer that arises in smooth muscle tissue, which is found in organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels.
  8. Synovial Sarcoma: Typically found near joints such as the knee, this cancer can also occur in soft tissues such as ligaments and tendons.

Symptoms of Sarcoma and Bone Cancer

The symptoms of sarcoma and bone cancer can vary widely depending on the location of the tumor. However, some common symptoms include:

  • Bone Pain: Persistent pain in the bones or joints, often worsening at night.
  • Swelling: A noticeable lump or swelling in the affected area, which may or may not be painful.
  • Fatigue: General tiredness or weakness that doesn’t improve with rest.
  • Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite.
  • Fractures: Bones that break easily or with minimal trauma.

Diagnosis and Staging

Diagnosing sarcoma and bone cancer typically involves a combination of imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. A bone scan, X-rays, and MRIs can provide a detailed picture of the affected area, while a biopsy is essential for confirming the presence of cancer cells. The staging of the cancer, which refers to the extent of its spread, is crucial in determining the appropriate treatment plan.

Treatment Options for Sarcoma and Bone Cancer

The treatment of sarcoma and bone cancer often involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The specific approach depends on the type, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health.

  1. Surgery: This is often the first line of treatment, particularly for localized tumors. Limb-sparing surgery, which removes the tumor while preserving the limb, is commonly used. In some cases, amputation may be necessary if the tumor cannot be completely removed.
  2. Radiation Therapy: High doses of radiation are used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy is often used in conjunction with surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.
  3. Chemotherapy: This treatment uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It is often used for cancers that have spread beyond the initial tumor site.
  4. Targeted Therapy: This newer approach targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth, offering a more precise and less toxic treatment option.
  5. Immunotherapy: This treatment boosts the body’s immune system to help fight the cancer. It is still being researched for its effectiveness in treating sarcoma and bone cancer.
  6. Clinical Trials: Participation in clinical trials can provide access to cutting-edge treatments that are not yet widely available. Patients should discuss this option with their healthcare team.

Living with Sarcoma and Bone Cancer

A diagnosis of sarcoma or bone cancer can be life-altering, but many patients go on to live fulfilling lives with proper treatment and support. Managing the physical and emotional challenges of cancer requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes not only oncologists and surgeons but also social workers, physical therapists, and mental health professionals.

Survival Rates and Prognosis

The prognosis for sarcoma and bone cancer varies depending on the type and stage of cancer at diagnosis. Early-stage cancers have a better prognosis, with higher survival rates, while advanced cancers are more challenging to treat. For example, the 5-year survival rate for localized osteosarcoma is around 70%, but this rate drops significantly if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Support and Resources

Numerous organizations and resources are available to support individuals with sarcoma and bone cancer. These include non-profit organizations, patient advocacy groups, and specialized sarcoma centers that offer comprehensive care and management of the disease. Connecting with these resources can provide valuable information, emotional support, and assistance with navigating the healthcare system.

Sarcoma and Bone Cancer in Children

Sarcoma and bone cancer can also affect children, with osteosarcoma being the most common type in this age group. Treatment for pediatric patients often involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Pediatric oncologists and specialized cancer centers play a crucial role in managing these cases, offering tailored treatment plans that consider the unique needs of children.

The Role of Genetic Syndromes

Certain genetic syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and tuberous sclerosis, increase the risk of developing sarcoma and bone cancer. Individuals with a family history of these syndromes should be aware of their increased risk and may benefit from regular screenings and genetic counseling.

The Impact of Chemical Exposure

Exposure to certain chemicals, such as vinyl chloride, has been linked to an increased risk of developing sarcoma and bone cancer. This is particularly relevant for individuals who have been exposed to toxic substances at work or in the environment, such as the contaminated water at Camp Lejeune. These exposures can lead to various cancers, including multiple myeloma, a type of bone marrow cancer.

The Importance of Awareness

Raising awareness about sarcoma and bone cancer is essential for early detection and treatment. National Sarcoma & Bone Cancer Awareness Month is an opportunity to educate the public about these rare cancers, advocate for increased research funding, and support those affected by the disease.

Legal Support for Veterans Exposed to Toxic Chemicals

Veterans, reservists, guardsmen, and their families who were exposed to toxic water at Camp Lejeune may be eligible for compensation if they have been diagnosed with multiple myeloma or another related disease. The legal process can be complex, but experienced attorneys can help navigate the claims process and secure the benefits that veterans and their families deserve.

Conclusion

Sarcoma and bone cancer are rare but serious diseases that require a comprehensive approach to treatment and care. Awareness, early detection, and access to specialized care are crucial in improving outcomes for those affected. Whether you are a patient, caregiver, or advocate, staying informed and connected to resources can make a significant difference in the journey through cancer.

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with sarcoma or bone cancer, or if you believe you may be eligible for compensation due to exposure to toxic chemicals, reach out for support. Serling & Abramson, P.C., along with patient advocacy groups, are available to guide you through this challenging time.